Direct and Indirect

Direct and Indirect

Direct and Indirect Speech, we are also familiar with another term that is Reported Speech. Direct Speect is the sentence pronounced by the speaker directly and if the sentence is written will be quoted. While Indirect Speech is a phrase that we report to others indirectly and without any commas.

Example:

Reporting verbs: Tono says,

Reported words "I'm very good at English"

Tense should be noted in this pattern are:

Direct Speech:

Simple Present Tense

Present Continuous Tense

Present Perfect Tense

Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Past Simple Tense

Simple Future Tense

Continouos Future Tense

Conditional

Indirect Speech:

Past Simple Tense

Past Continuous Tense

Past Perfect Tense

Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Past Perfect Tense

Past Tense Future / Conditional

Future Past Continuous Tense (Continuous Conditional)

Conditional

If the reported speech related to general truths or facts that have become habits, or simple present indefinite present in reported speech is not converted into a suitable past, it remains exactly as it is,

Example:

He said, "The sun rises in the east" → He said that the sun rises in the east.

Adverb CHANGES OF TIME (TIME FACTS) PLEASE NOTE THAT:

Direct  :                                               Indirect :

Now                                        →        Then
Today                                      →        That day
Tonight                                    →        That night
This week                                →        That week
Yesterday                                →        The day before
The day before yesterday       →        Two days before
Last night                                →        The night before
Last week/year                        →        The previous week/year
A year ago                               →        A year before/The previous year
Three years ago                       →        Three years before
Tomorrow                               →        The next day/The following day
The day after tomorrow          →        In two day’s time/The following day
Next week/year                       →        The following week/year
On Sunday                              →        On Sunday
Here                                        →        There
This book                                →        The book
This                                         →        That
These                                       →        Those
Over there                               →        Over there
* Etc.

CHANGES Auxiliaries (WORD HELP) TO NOTE:

Can      →        Could
May     →        Might
Might  →        Might
Must    →        Would have to (kegiatan yang akan datang)/had to (keharusan yang biasa)
* Etc.

Example:

The man said, "I must mend the wall next week"

The man said that he would have to mend the wall the following week.

The man said that he had to fix the wall next week.

The girl said, "I must wash my hands before eating"

The girl said that she had to wash her hands before eating.

She said that she had to wash their hands before eating.

* Etc.

Direct and Indirect Speech there are 3 kinds:

1. Statement (Statement) that use "that"

He said, "we will go to Singapore tomorrow"

He said that they would go to Singapore the next day.

Bob said, "I'm a university student"

Bob said that he was a university student.

2. Command (command) add the word "to" as a liaison with the reported sentence report. "Not to" the negative command.

He told me, "wait for me!"

He told me to wait for him.

She told me, "do not cheat anymore!"

She told me not to cheat anymore.

3. Question (FAQ) if the sentence of the type "yes or no question", then the form of a report using if or Whether.

Ina asked me, "Do you really love me?"

Ina asked me if / Whether I really loved her.

Mixed type:

Example:

Anton asked me, "what's happening to you? You look so pale "

Anton asked me what was happening to me as I looked so pale.

Note: Past Tense sometimes does not change in the conversation.

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH EXAMPLE:

1.  D: She says to her friend, "I have been reading"

     I: She says to her friend that he has been reading

2.  D: He will say, "The girl was not ugly"

     I: He will tell them that the girl was not ugly

3.  D: Reza said, "I'm very sleepy"

     I: Reza said that he was very sleepy

4.  D: He has told you, "I am writing"

     I: He has told you that he is writing

5.  D: Mother said to her son, "study hard"

     I: Mothe advised her son to study hard

6.  D: My friend said to me, "I do not like football"

     I: My friend said to me that he did not like football

7.  D: She said, "I did not go to campus

     I: She said that she had not gone to campus this morning

8.  D: Rikza says, "I have seen that movies"

     I: Rikza says that she has seen that movies

9.  D: Mother asked her, "Do not go there alone"

     I: Mother asked her not to go there alone

10. D: robi Father asked, "Do not smoke too much"

      I: Father robi asked not to smoke too much


Translate

Direct and Indirect Speech, yang juga kita kenal dengan istilah lain yaitu Reported Speech. Direct Speect adalah kalimat yang diucapkan secara langsung oleh pembicara dan jika ditulis kalimat tersebut akan diberi tanda kutip. Sedangkan Indirect Speech adalah kalimat yang kita laporkan kepada orang lain secara tidak langsung dan tanpa diberi koma.
Contoh:
Reporting verb: Tono says,
Reported words ”I’m very good at English”
Tense yang harus kita perhatikan dalam pola ini yaitu:

Direct Speech:
Simple Present Tense
Present Continuous Tense
Present Perfect Tense
Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Simple Past Tense
Simple Future Tense
Future Continouos Tense
Conditional

Indirect Speech:
Simple Past Tense
Past Continuous Tense
Past Perfect Tense
Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Past Perfect Tense
Past Future Tense/Conditional
Past Future Continuous Tense (Conditional Continuous)
Conditional
Kalau reported speech berhubungan dengan kebenaran umum atau fakta yang sudah menjadi kebiasaan, present indefinite atau simple present dalam reported speech tidak diubah ke dalam bentuk lampau yang sesuai, melainkan tetap persis sebagaimana adanya,

Contoh :
He said, “The sun rises in the east” → He said that the sun rises in the east.

PERUBAHAN ADVERB OF TIME (KETERANGAN WAKTU) YANG PERLU DIPERHATIKAN:
Direct  :                                               Indirect :
Now                                        →        Then
Today                                      →        That day
Tonight                                    →        That night
This week                                →        That week
Yesterday                                →        The day before
The day before yesterday       →        Two days before
Last night                                →        The night before
Last week/year                        →        The previous week/year
A year ago                               →        A year before/The previous year
Three years ago                       →        Three years before
Tomorrow                               →        The next day/The following day
The day after tomorrow          →        In two day’s time/The following day
Next week/year                       →        The following week/year
On Sunday                              →        On Sunday
Here                                        →        There
This book                                →        The book
This                                         →        That
These                                       →        Those
Over there                               →        Over there
*etc.

PERUBAHAN-PERUBAHAN AUXILIARIES (KATA BANTU) YANG HARUS DIPERHATIKAN:
Can      →        Could
May     →        Might
Might  →        Might
Must    →        Would have to (kegiatan yang akan datang)/had to (keharusan yang biasa)
*etc.

Contoh:
The man said, “I must mend the wall next week”
The man said that he would have to mend the wall the following week.
Pria itu mengatakan bahwa dia harus memperbaiki dinding minggu berikutnya.
The girl said, ” I must wash my hands before eating”
The girl said that she had to wash her hands before eating.
Gadis itu berkata bahwa dia harus mencuci tangannya sebelum makan.
*etc.

Direct and Indirect Speech ada 3 macam:

1. Statement (Pernyataan) yang menggunakan “that”
He said, “we will go to Singapore tomorrow”
He said that they would go to Singapore the next day.
Bob said, ” I’m a university student”
Bob said that he was a university student.

2. Command (Perintah) menambahkan kata “to” sebagai penghubung kalimat melaporkan dengan yang dilaporkan. “not to” dalam perintah negatif.
He told me, “wait for me !”
He told me to wait for him.
She told me, “don’t cheat anymore !”
She told me not to cheat anymore.

3. Question (Pertanyaan) jika kalimat dari jenis “yes or no question”, maka bentuk laporannya menggunakan if atau whether.
Ina asked me, “Do you really love me?”
Ina asked me if/whether I really loved her.
Mixed type:
Contoh:
Anton asked me, “what’s happening to you ? You look so pale”
Anton asked me what was happening to me as I looked so pale.
Catatan: Past Tense kadang-kadang tidak berubah dalam percakapan.

EXAMPLE DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH :

1.    D : She says to her friend, “ I have been reading “

       I : She says to her friend that he has been reading

2.    D : He will say, “ The girl wasn’t ugly “

       I : He will tell them that the girl wasn’t ugly

3.    D : Reza said, “ I’m very sleepy “

       I : Reza said that he was very sleepy

4.    D : He has told you, “ I am writing “

       I : He has told you that he is writing

5.    D : Mother said to her son, “ study hard “

       I : Mothe advised her son to study hard

6.    D : My friend said to me, “ I don’t like football “

       I : My friend said to me that he didn’t like football

7.    D : She said, “ I didn’t go to campus

       I : She said that she hadn’t gone to campus this morning

8.    D : Rikza says, “ I have seen that movies “

       I : Rikza says that she has seen that movies

9.    D : Mother asked her, “ Don’t go there alone “

       I : Mother asked her not to go there alone

10.  D : Father asked robi, “ Don’t smoke too much “

       I : Father asked robi not to smoke too much

http://triicecsfabregas.blogspot.com/2012/03/direct-and-indirect-speech.html

http://abudira.wordpress.com/2010/06/08/direct-dan-indirect-speech/

Practical Complete English Grammar, M.J Lado, Titik Terang

Guidance To English Sentences, Ayu rini, Papas Sinar Sinanti 

Example Question

Direct

1.       Jim said, “ I am sleepy”

2.       Sally said, “ I don’t like chocolate”

3.       Marry said, “ I am planning to take a trip”

4.       Tom said, “ I have already eaten lunch”

5.       Kate said, “ I called my doctor”

6.       Mr. Nice said, “ I am going to go to Chicago”

7.       Eric said, “ I will come to the meeting”

8.       Jean said, “ I may go to the library”

9.       Tead said, “ I have to finish my work”

10.   Ms. Young said, “ I must talk to professor”

11.   Jessica said, “ I may go to library”

12.   Alice said, “ I should visit my aunt and uncle”

Indirect

1.       Jim said that he was sleepy

2.       Sally said that she didn’t like chocolate

3.       Marry said that she was planning to take a trip

4.       Tom said that he had already eaten lunch

5.       Kate said that she had called my doctor

6.       Mr. Nice said that he was going to go to Chicago

7.       Eric said that he would come to the meeting

8.       Jean said that she might go to the library

9.       Tead said that he had to finish my work

10.   Ms. Young said that she had to talk to professor

11.   Jessica said that she might go to library

12.   Alice said that she should visit her aunt and uncle